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To Understand Human Disorders, Researchers Look to Man’s Best Friend
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Explore the intriguing connections between bulldogs and human medical conditions, revealing insights into congenital disorders and their treatments.
One of the most famous dog breeds is the bulldog, which has been used as a mascot more than any other dog breed.1 The English Bulldog has a large head with thick folds of skin around the face and shoulders, along with a protruding jaw. Modern bulldogs have been bred to have a sweet disposition, making them companion dogs—but that doesn't mean they do not come with their own hardships.
Bulldogs began appearing in medical literature starting in the late 1800s | Image credit: khmelev | stock.adobe.com
Bulldogs began appearing in medical literature starting in the late 1800s to help describe various congenital and acquired disorders that can also be seen in humans. One of these disorders is cutis verticis gyrata, a rare genetic condition that causes deep, irregular folds of the posterior scalp.2 “Bulldog scalp syndrome” can also be seen in humans, affecting patients' social and psychological well-being. The only definitive treatment is cosmetic surgery.3
Similarly, the term “bulldog nose” refers to a deformity resulting from tertiary syphilis, in which the entire nose sinks into the face, leaving just 2 nostrils.2 This results from the destruction of the vomer bone, cartilaginous septum, and the nasal bone. In humans, this condition is known as saddle nose, with rhinoplasty being the primary treatment.4
Congenital syphilis also plays a role in 2 other facial deformities: so-called bulldog face and bulldog jaw. Bulldog face consists of a short maxilla, a prominent mandible, and a saddle-shaped nose, whereas bulldog jaw appears as an enlarged and protruding mandible due to maxillary hypoplasia.2
Another abnormality due to congenital syphilis can lead to dental issues, including grooves around the tips of the upper and lower permanent canines, also known as Fournier’s canines.2 This can result in a string of multiple surgical debridements, potentially leading to broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment.5
Lastly, “dog ears” refers to post-surgical uneven wound closures leading to excess folds of raised skin.2 This is common in surgical treatments that have sides of excisions that are unequal lengths, broad ellipse or circular defect, or altered skin elasticity. This too can be corrected with additional surgery.6
By observing one of our most well-beloved dog breeds, we are able to teach and learn about multiple deformities in humans. Recognizing that certain physical manifestations in animals can mirror human conditions can broaden pharmacists’ understanding of the potential underlying causes and disease mechanisms in human patients. This can be particularly relevant when reviewing patient histories and considering potential drug interactions or contraindications.
Additionally, pharmacists are increasingly involved in multidisciplinary health care teams. Understanding that certain rare human conditions might have parallels in the animal kingdom can contribute to a more holistic view of a patient’s health, potentially prompting further investigation or referrals when unusual symptoms are observed.
REFERENCES
1. 5 Things You Didn’t Know About Bulldogs. Nationwide PetHealthZone. Accessed April 23, 2025. https://www.petinsurance.com/healthzone/pet-breeds/dog-breeds/5-things-you-didnt-know-about-bulldogs/
2. Hoenig LJ, Wollina U, Levell NJ, Parish LC. Dog related eponyms in dermatology: a tribute to man’s best friend. Clinics in Dermatology. 2025. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.04.001
3. Mir MA, Jain J, Kumar P, Maurya R, Rana MK, Goswami AG. Bulldog scalp syndrome. Indian J Plast Surg. 2023;56(6):544-547. doi:10.1055/s-0043-1776897
4. Saddle Nose. Cleveland Clinic. Updated May 10, 2023. Accessed April 23, 2025. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24978-saddle-nose
5. Norton KS, Johnson LW, Perry T, Perry KH, Sehon JK, Zibari GB. Management of Fournier’s gangrene: an eleven year retrospective analysis of early recognition, diagnosis, and treatment. Am Surg. 2002;68(8):709-713.
6. Uneven wounds, dog ears. British Society for Dermatological Surgery. Accessed April 23, 2025. https://bsds.org.uk/members/workshop/uneven-wounds-dog-ears/
